Boere voorsien noodsaaklike voedsel vir ons groeiende bevolking en vorm ook 'n belangrike deel van ons ekonomie, veral in landelike gebiede. Net soos by alle ekonomiese aktiwiteite, is daar 'n omgewingsimpak, en die balansering van boerdery met bewaring vereis noukeurige balansvaardighede. Daar is baie boere wat hard werk om hierdie balans te bereik. Selfs in hierdie moeilike tye is daar omgewingsbewuste boere wat nuwe tegnieke gebruik om die bevolking te voed, terwyl strategieë toegepas word om die agteruitgang van die omgewing te verminder. Ons het onlangs 'n onderhoud met een van hierdie persone, Nico de Kock, die bestuurder van die plaas Riet Valleij, gevoer. Ons wou saam met hom ondersoek hoe hy die boerdery vanuit 'n omgewingsperspektief probeer benader. Eers wil ons egter 'n bietjie agtergrond gee oor die plaas. Riet Valleij is in die negentigerjare aangekoop met die doel van die eienaar om nie net ‘n ekonomiese volhoubare eenheid te bedryf nie, maar om ook 'n sosiale bydrae te lewer, tot die plaaslike dorpe Suurbraak en Swellendam. Saam met hierdie inisiatief wil die boerdery dus ook hou by sy morele verantwoordelikheid om die omgewing te beskerm. Die belangrikste aktiwiteit op die plaas is melkproduksie en dan ook veeteelt vir die vleismark. Die totale grootte van die plaas is 2100 hektaar, bergagtige gebiede en bewerkte lande ingesluit. Van hierdie totaal is 270 hektaar besproeide grond en 250 hektaar droë lande, wat hul ongeveer 1600 beeste ondersteun. Riet Valleij se boerderymetodes kan opgesom word deur drie praktyke: bewaring, volhoubaarheid en modernisering. Nico was nog altyd baie passievol oor bewaring en glo in die filosofie dat “as die natuur grotendeels alleen gelaat word, sou die wêreld in beter balans wees. Die hoof rede waarom die wêreld en die natuur nie in balans is nie, is as gevolg van die mensdom. As die mensdom nie aanpas nie, sal dit erger word. Veral vanuit 'n boerderyperspektief”. Hy het verduidelik dat ons moet streef om in harmonie met die natuur te boer. Hierdie filosofie het hom gelei tot Bewarings Landbou. 'n Praktyk wat beskryf word as 'n volhoubare boerderystelsel, aangepas by plaaslike toestande en gewasse, wat die opbrengste optimaliseer. Dit help met die voorkoming van gronderosie en agteruitgang, terwyl die grondgesondheid verbeter word en die bewaring van natuurlike hulpbronne vergemaklik word (Gonzalez-Sanchez et al, 2015). Onder Nico se leiding het Riet Valleij bewaringslandbou hul eie gemaak deur bewaringsbewerking of minimum bewerking toe te pas. Archer et al (2017) verduidelik dat hierdie metode ten doel het om beter omgewings- en ekonomiese winste aan te moedig, deur die frekwensie en intensiteit van bewerkings, tot die minimum te beperk. Volgens Nico is die minimumbewerking na die Suid-Wes-Kaap en die Overberg gebring deur wyle Jack Human, wat na Australië gereis het om te leer hoe dit werk, voordat hy teruggekeer het om ander boere te leer. Voor die meer omgewingsgerigte boerderybenaderings wat ons tans beoefen, is grond net beskou as die plek waar wortels groei. Daar was nie ag geslaan op die organiese inhoud van grond nie, omdat geglo is dat plante se volle voedingsbehoefte kan deur middel van kunsmis aangevul kan word. Die landbougemeenskap van vandag het besef dat grond meer is as dit. Die Voedsel- en Landbou-organisasie van die Verenigde Nasies (2015) verduidelik dat gesonde gronde gesonde kos vir ons bevolking en diere oplewer. Grond is die basis van ons voedselsisteem en dit is 'n dinamiese, lewende ekosisteem wat vernietig kan word. Om boere te help, ontleed Technifarm, in Swellendam, grondmonsters van die veld om, die grondvoedingstatus, asook grondgesondheidstatus te meet. Die plaas is ook baie waterbewus. Die water in die melkstal word herwin en die water spoel af in 'n dam, waar 'n tenkwa die water na die lande vervoer as 'n bron van organiese kunsmis. Die World Wildlife Fund (2018) skat dat 43% van die beskikbare water in die Wes-Kaap vir besproeiing gebruik word. Klimaatwetenskaplikes voorsien dat die Wes-Kaap gedurende die volgende 100 jaar permanent droër toestande sal ondervind. Die voorspelling is dat reënval teen die die jaar 2050 reeds 30% minder sal wees (World Wildlife Fund, 2018). Boere moet nuwe waterbesparing praktyke beoefen om waterbronne te bewaar. Gekombineer met die herwinning van water, beheer Riet Valleij (met die hulp van die Grootvadersbosch Conservancy) uitheemse indringerplante wat waterbronne uitput en inheemse plante verdring. Die eienaar van Riet Valleij het van die begin af gesê dat alle “Blackwattles” op die plaas uitgeroei moet word. Dit is nou 26 jaar later en die proses is steeds nog nie voltooi nie. ‘n Verdere faktor wat in die landbou in ag geneem moet word, is die konstruksie van infrastruktuur en die impak op die omgewing. Nico het 'n opvangsdam in die berg bo die eiendom gebou, wat volgens die instruksies van die natuurbewaringsowerhede gebou is. Hulle het die terrein besoek en aangedui hoe die dam gebou moet word. Dit bevat ook 'n kleiner pypleiding om te verseker dat daar steeds water vir die natuur deurgelaat word, wanneer die rivier laag loop. Die water vir besproeiing word deur die pypleidings na opgaardamme vervoer. Van daar word besproeiing onder eie gravitasie gedoen. Sodoende is die besproeiing van die boerdery 80% onafhanklik van elektrisiteit. Nico is 'n ywerige voëlkenner en 'n liefhebber van die buitelewe en dit blyk uit sy pogings om inheemse en endemiese flora- en fauna-gebiede op, die plaas te bewaar. Die boerdery beoefen ook vernuwing deur te poog om kunsmisverbruik te verminder. Hulle is bewus van die impak van bemestingstowwe en verminder die volume wat hulle tans gebruik. Deur presisieboerdery toe te pas, word verseker dat 'n land nie oorbemes word nie. Nico besef dat dit te duur kan wees as net die omgewing bewaar word. Die boerdery sal nie oorleef as alle hulpbronne net tot bewaring ingespan word nie. Dit is egter wel moontlik om 'n balans tussen die twee te handhaaf. Balans is die sleutel! VerwysingsArcher, L., Im, J., Ransom, B. & Coley, M., 2017. What is Sustainable Agriculture? - Conservation Tillage [Online] UC Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Available at: https://asi.ucdavis.edu/programs/ucsarep/about/what-is-sustainable-agriculture/practices/conservation-tillage [Accessed 17 June 2020].
Gonzalez-Sanchez, E.J., Veroz-Gonzalez, O., Blanco-Roldan, G.L., Marquez-Garcia, F., Carbonell-Bojollo, R., 2015. A renewed view of conservation agriculture and its evolution over the last decade in Spain [Online]. Available at: http://www.ecaf.org/ca-in-europe/what-is-ca [Accessed 17 June 2020]. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2015. Healthy soils are the basis for healthy food production [Online] Available at: http://www.fao.org/soils-2015/news/news-detail/en/c/277682/ [Accessed 17 June 2020]. World Wildlife Fund, 2018. Agricultural water file: Farming for a drier future [Online] Available at: https://www.wwf.org.za/water/?25441/Agricultural-water-file-Farming-for-a-drier-future [Accessed 17 June 2020].
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Farmers provide essential food for our expanding population and are also an important part of our economy, especially in rural areas. Much like all economic activities, there is an environmental impact and balancing farming with conservation requires careful balancing skills. There are many farmers who work hard to achieve this balance. Even in these trying times, there are environmentally conscious farmers who are engaging in new techniques to feed the population, while applying strategies to decrease environmental degradation. We recently interviewed one of these individuals, Nico de Kock, the manager of Riet Valleij farm. We wanted to explore with him how he attempts to approach farming from an environmental perspective. However, before we dive in, we would like to give some background on the farm. The farm Riet Valleij was bought in the 1990’s with the intention of the owner not only to operate an economically sustainable unit, but also to provide a social contribution to the local towns of Suurbraak and Swellendam. Along with this initiative, the farm also aims to adhere to its moral responsibility to protect the environment. The most important activity on the farm is milk production and then livestock breeding for the meat market. The total size of the farm is 2100 hectares, including mountainous area and cultivated lands. Of this total, 270 hectares is irrigated land and 250 hectares dry lands, supporting their 1600 cattle. Riet Valleij’s farming methods can be summoned up by three practices: conservation, preservation, and modernization. Nico has always had a passion for conservation and believes in the philosophy that “If nature were largely left alone, the world would be a better in balance”. The main reason why the world and nature are not in balance, is because of mankind. If you, as part of mankind, do not adjust, it will get worse. Especially from a farming perspective. He explained that we need to farm in harmony with nature. This philosophy guided him to Conservation Agriculture. A practice described as a sustainable farming system, adjusted to local conditions and crops, that optimises yields. It aids in the prevention of soil erosion and degradation, while improving soil health and facilitating the preservation of natural resources (Gonzalez-Sanchez et al, 2015). Under Nico’s leadership, Riet Valleij has adopted conservation agriculture, through the conservation tillage or minimum tillage approach. Archer et al (2017) explains that this method aims to encourage better environmental and economic gains, through minimising the frequency and intensity of tillage operations. According to Nico, minimum tillage was brought to the South Western Cape and the Overberg by the late Jack Human, who travelled to Australia to learn how it worked, before returning home to teach other farmers. Prior to the more environmentally orientated farming approaches we find today, soil was just considered to be the place where roots grow. The organic content of soil was not taken into account because it was believed that the full nutritional requirements of plants could be supplemented by fertilizers. Today the agricultural community has realised that soil is more than that. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2015) explains that healthy soils, yield healthy foods for our population and animals. Soils are the basis of our food system and they are a dynamic, living ecosystem that can be destroyed. To assist farmers, Technifarm, in Swellendam, analyses soil samples from the field to measure the soil’s nutritional status, but also the soil’s health status. The farm is also very water conscious. The water in the dairy parlour is recycled and the water washes down into a dam, where a tanker transfers the water to the fields as a source of organic fertilizer. The World Wildlife Fund (2018) estimates that 43% of the Western Cape’s available water is used in irrigation. Climate scientists foresee the Western Cape enduring warming and drier conditions over the next 100 years, and a decrease of 30% of the current rainfall levels by 2050. Farmers need to acquire new practices to preserve water resources (World Wildlife Fund, 2018). Combined with water recycling, Riet Valleij (with assistance from the Grootvadersbosch Conservancy), intensely clears alien invasive trees that deplete water supplies and decimate indigenous vegetation. The owner of the farm expressed from the start that all the wattles on the farm must be cleared. After 26 years of clearing the process is still not complete. Another factor to consider in agriculture, is the construction of infrastructure and the impacts on the environment. Nico constructed a catchment dam above his property which was built according to the instructions provided by Nature conservation authorities. They visited the site and specified how the dam should be constructed. They also included a smaller pipeline to ensures that when the river runs low, water is still allowed through for the maintenance of downstream aquatic ecosystems. The water for irrigation is conveyed through the pipelines to storage dams. From here irrigation is done under own gravitation, which enables the farm’s irrigation to be 80% independent from electricity. Nico is an avid birder and a lover of the great outdoors and this is evident in his efforts to preserve indigenous and endemic flora and fauna areas on the farm. The farm also practices modernization by attempting to reduce fertiliser usage. They are aware of the impact of fertiliser and are slowly decreasing the volumes they use. Through the application of precision farming you can ensure you do not over fertilise a field. Nico maintains that it can be too costly if you just conserve the environment. The farm will also not survive if you put all your efforts into conservation, but it is possible to maintain a balance between the two. Balance is the key! REFERENCESArcher, L., Im, J., Ransom, B. & Coley, M., 2017. What is Sustainable Agriculture? - Conservation Tillage [Online] UC Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Available at: https://asi.ucdavis.edu/programs/ucsarep/about/what-is-sustainable-agriculture/practices/conservation-tillage [Accessed 17 June 2020].
Gonzalez-Sanchez, E.J., Veroz-Gonzalez, O., Blanco-Roldan, G.L., Marquez-Garcia, F., Carbonell-Bojollo, R., 2015. A renewed view of conservation agriculture and its evolution over the last decade in Spain [Online]. Available at: http://www.ecaf.org/ca-in-europe/what-is-ca [Accessed 17 June 2020]. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2015. Healthy soils are the basis for healthy food production [Online] Available at: http://www.fao.org/soils-2015/news/news-detail/en/c/277682/ [Accessed 17 June 2020]. World Wildlife Fund, 2018. Agricultural water file: Farming for a drier future [Online] Available at: https://www.wwf.org.za/water/?25441/Agricultural-water-file-Farming-for-a-drier-future [Accessed 17 June 2020]. |
AuthorGVB Conservancy Staff Archives
December 2024
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